Fondant is a sugar paste (sugar, water, corn syrup, gelatin) distinct from icing (powdered sugar, butter/liquid, flavorings). Understanding fondant's composition, crystal structure, and properties explains why it creates smooth finishes…

Buttercream's smooth texture and ability to hold shape depend on emulsifying fat (butter, shortening) with water-based ingredients. Understanding emulsification, fat's role, and why excessive or insufficient fat creates problems reveals…

"Cake improver" or "dough conditioner" is a blend of enzymes, emulsifiers, and other additives designed to enhance cake volume, crumb structure, and shelf life. Understanding the components and their functions…

Cross-contamination occurs when allergens (nuts, sesame, milk) transfer from one product to another through shared equipment, surfaces, or airborne particles. Understanding contamination routes, why complete prevention is difficult, and labeling…

Sesame recently joined the list of major food allergens in the USA, EU, and other regions. Understanding sesame's allergen properties, where it hides in foods, cross-contamination risks, and labeling changes…

Dark chocolate often contains trace milk proteins despite lacking milk ingredients, resulting from cross-contamination in shared facilities. Understanding how milk contamination occurs, what "dairy-free" labeling means, and detection limits reveals…

Honey and sugar both contain fructose and glucose, but in different ratios. Understanding how the body metabolizes fructose versus glucose reveals why honey has no significant metabolic advantage over sugar…